Which theory suggests that learning occurs without direct consequences to one's actions?

Bandura's Social Learning Theory posits that learning can occur through observation and imitation of others without the need for immediate reinforcement or consequences to one's actions. This theory emphasizes the importance of role models, suggesting that individuals can learn new behaviors by watching others and seeing the outcomes of those behaviors. Through processes such as attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, a learner can acquire new skills or knowledge merely by observing someone else, rather than through direct experience or punishment.

In contrast, Skinner's Behavioral Theory focuses on learning through reinforcement and punishment, implying that consequences of actions play a primary role in behavior modification. Pavlov's Conditioning Theory is centered on classical conditioning, which involves learning through associations between stimuli, and is not primarily about observation but rather direct experience. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences theory highlights different ways individuals can demonstrate and express intelligence, rather than focusing on how learning occurs through observation alone. Hence, Bandura's approach distinctly emphasizes that learning can happen without direct consequences, making it the correct answer.