Which term describes words from different languages that have the same meaning and similar pronunciations?

The term that describes words from different languages that have the same meaning and similar pronunciations is "cognates." Cognates typically originate from a common linguistic root and are often used in comparative linguistics to highlight linguistic similarities between languages. For example, the English word "mother" and the Spanish word "madre" are cognates; they have different pronunciations but stem from the same ancestral language.

In contrast, homophones refer to words that sound alike but may have different meanings or spellings, which does not apply in this case as cognates are defined by their shared meanings across languages. Synonyms are words within the same language that have the same or nearly the same meaning, while antonyms are words that have opposite meanings, both of which lack the cross-linguistic aspect that characterizes cognates.