Which of the following contributes to effective reading fluency?

Reading fluency refers to the ability to read text smoothly and accurately, and it is essential for overall comprehension and engagement with the material. Decoding speed is a key component of reading fluency. It involves the ability to recognize words quickly and accurately, allowing the reader to focus on understanding the meaning of the text rather than getting bogged down in pronunciation or word recognition.

When a reader is able to decode words rapidly, it facilitates a smoother reading experience, enabling them to read larger chunks of text and maintain a natural pace. This, in turn, contributes to improved comprehension because the reader can devote more cognitive resources to understanding the information rather than decoding individual words.

In contrast, while social skills, comprehension of complex texts, and writing proficiency are important aspects of literacy and education, they do not directly enhance reading fluency in the same way that decoding speed does.